This article was written by Kevin Kinser, University at Albany, State University of New York, and originally published in The Conversation, an online magazine that allows articles to be reprinted in full, as long as the author and magazine are properly credited.

The article provides insightful background on the evolution of for-profit colleges and universities over the last four to five decades, explains how loopholes created for-profit advocates within the George W. Bush administration were rapaciously exploited to create explosive growth in the sector, and distinguishes Trump University from the for-profit colleges and universities as a much more straightforwardly fraudulent enterprise. All of this is accurate as far as it goes, but I think that in making these distinctions, Kinser understates the level of fraud involved in the truly unconscionable recruitment of under-prepared and economically disadvantaged students by many for-profit institutions–in particular the very large and largely online for-profits. Kinser seems to ignore that much of the federal aid extended to students recruited by for-profit institutions has been in the form of loans, rather than grants, and one might argue that it makes little difference to those burdened with this student debt whether it is owed to the government or to a private lender. (In fact, I am no expert on student-loan debt, but I believe that at least some debt secured through private lenders may be much easier to escape through bankruptcy.)

_________________________

Documents released in a federal lawsuit against Trump University have put presumptive Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump on the defensive. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton is now highlighting the fraud that is at the center of the case.

In the process, many commentators are identifying the Trump University business model as further indication of the fraudulent activity seen to be endemic to all for-profit higher education institutions.

I have been studying for-profit higher education since the late 1990s. While there are some parallels, Trump University is not representative of for-profit higher education. It is not regulated by the same agencies nor does it have to follow the same rules.

In fact, the Trump University case has little to do with the current challenges faced by for-profit higher education in the U.S.

The For-Profit University

For-profit colleges and universities are educational institutions that operate for financial gain. They have been part of the higher education landscape since the 1800s. For most of their history, they existed apart from traditional nonprofit and public colleges and universities.

For-profits educated students who were not interested in earning a degree and focused on fields that mainstream institutions were ignoring, such as stenography and bookkeeping.

That separate status changed after the Higher Education Act was reauthorized in 1972. Students attending for-profit institutions could be treated just like students at other institutions. They could now get grants and subsidized loans to pay for their tuition.

But, like other institutions that wanted access to this federal money, the for-profits had to agree to state, federal and accreditor oversight.

Accessing Aid

Over the last half-century, more and more for-profits have participated in the federal aid programs. They were attracted to the program, even with the additional oversight, because they could enroll more students and make more money.

There are currently about 3,400 federally funded for-profit colleges and universities in the U.S., according to official statistics. This is compared to about 2,000 public institutions and 1,800 nonprofits. All of them need to meet standards of their accreditors, the states they operate in and the U.S. Department of Education.

Student aid is also what provides the focus for regulating higher education. There are specific requirements called “program integrity” rules that these institutions must follow in order to justify their receipt of student aid. The rules involve how institutions advertise their programs, recruit students and prepare graduates for employment. It is these rules that are causing difficulty for many for-profit institutions.

What’s Going Wrong

For example, one of the rules involves what is known as “incentive compensation” for student recruiters. For-profits are not allowed to pay employees based on how many students they managed to enroll at the institution or how much financial aid they were successful in getting for students.

In 2002, the Bush administration modified this rule. This came about after a former lobbyist for the Apollo Group, which owns the University of Phoenix, a for-profit institution, was put in charge of higher education policy. The changed rule specified 12 “safe harbors” that would not be considered violations. These exemptions allowed for raises to be given to recruiters and other staff as long as there was some justification for pay other than enrollment increases.

For-profits took advantage of these loopholes to aggressively recruit students. Enrollment increased by 150 percent over the next seven years.

Subsequently, in response to reports of abuse, in 2011, Obama’s Department of Education closed the loopholes. Following this policy change, enrollment at for profits declined by at least 20 percent.

Dependence on Financial Aid

It is important to note that for-profit higher education is dependent on federal dollars to survive. For-profits are not directly subsidized by states like public institutions. And they don’t discount their tuition like nonprofit institutions. Instead they ask students to pay the full cost.

As a consequence, most institutions get more than 70 percent of their revenue from federal aid programs. The government prohibits for-profits from getting more than 90 percent of their revenue from government grants and loans.

But oddly, money from veterans’ programs is not included in this calculation. Since these programs are funded from the Department of Defense rather than the Department of Education, they were not part of the Higher Education Act rules. If all government funding was included, many more institutions would cross the 90 percent threshold.

Changing this loophole is on the congressional agenda. But it is being vigorously opposed by the for-profit lobbyists.

The current for-profit reliance on federal money means that the federal government is the primary customer of for-profit higher education. And the one who pays sets the rules.

Fraud Accusations

To be clear, none of these are issues that suggest for-profits are fraudulent institutions. They are mainly about how for-profit institutions recruit students and whether the jobs students get with a for-profit degree are worth the expense. There are other criticisms connected to their eligibility for federal aid programs.

Nevertheless, accusations of fraud have dogged for-profit higher education. The biggest case was the collapse and bankruptcy of Corinthian Colleges. Corinthian had over 100,000 students at its peak, with almost 100 campuses across the country.

But the federal government restricted access to student aid in 2014 out of concern that Corinthian was mishandling funds. Later proof of false advertising resulted in a billion-dollar judgment against the company.

Because of this, former Corinthian students are now eligible for debt relief for the loans they took out to attend.

Why Trump U Is Different

Coming back to the initial question, here’s what’s different about Trump University: To begin with, Trump University is not an accredited institution. In fact, New York authorities insist it was breaking the law by calling itself a university.

With no federal money at risk, Trump University is simply a case of what New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman called “straight-up fraud.” The case is being brought under laws that apply to any business.

Essentially the institution is accused of running a scam where free classes were used to lure in customers for expensive seminars that promised to reveal Trump’s secret of real estate investing. In reality, there were no secrets, only high-pressure sales tactics used to sell expensive seminars.

Most for-profit colleges and universities, however, are not accused of fraud. They are in the cross-hairs primarily because they rely on government money to survive. And for-profits could eliminate much of the scrutiny if they dropped out of the federal aid programs.

Trump University doesn’t have that option. Even if Trump dropped out of the campaign for president, the trouble with his university would remain.

Kevin Kinser, Associate Professor of Education, University at Albany, State University of New York

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.